What is a computer patch? Meaning, importance, types, and best practices

Software and operating systems never end, they are just updated, refined, and sometimes urgently fixed.  But the only difference between a secure computer system and a data breach waiting to happen is applying patch in the computer. 

However, many organizations still struggle to keep their software and operating systems up to date. According to the Exploited Vulnerabilities (KEV) catalog of the Cybersecurity Infrastructure and Security Agency (CISA), it takes organizations an average 55 days to remediate 50% of critical vulnerabilities once patches are available^[1]. 

The result? Ransomware attacks, unauthorized access, compliance failures, and avoidable downtime.

So, it is necessary that IT admins apply patches actively and not wait till the attackers exploit an exposed vulnerability. 

But before you rush to start applying patches, first let’s understand the basics. 

What is a patch on a computer? 

A patch is a small piece of code developed to fix specific bugs, security vulnerabilities, or functional issues in software or operating systems. Unlike major updates or upgrades that make changes to large parts of a system, patches are more surgical. The  targets only the affected areas, to fix what’s broken or vulnerable without altering the rest of the system.

Patches are typically issued by software vendors, like Microsoft, when a particular flaw is identified, whether through internal testing or real-world user reports. Their primary goal is to maintain system stability and security without disrupting normal operations.

They are real-world fixes, not full replacements. Think of a patch as the digital equivalent of sealing a small crack in a dam before it causes a flood. It is used in situations where:

• Icons disappear from the desktop or home screen
• Apps freeze when launched
• A browser fails to load secure websites due to outdated SSL support
• A software crashes when opening a specific file type
• Wi-Fi or Bluetooth adapters disconnects intermittently
• A UI element does not respond to user input
• Cursor lag or display resolution bugs after an OS update

Such cases don’t require replacing the entire software, rather what they need is just a targeted fix (computer patch). 

Example of a computer patching  

In December 2024, Microsoft released a security patch to address a newly discovered vulnerability in a core Windows component. It was designed to plug a potential exploit (classified under CVE-2024-32117) This update makes miscellaneous security improvements to internal OS functionality.

Why is it called a “patch”?

The term patch in computer systems has an unexpectedly literal origin.

In the early days of computing, long before sleek GUIs and cloud-based updates, software programs were stored on punch cards. When a bug or error was discovered, engineers didn’t rewrite the entire program. Instead, they physically covered the faulty holes on the card with tape, then punched in the correct data over it. This process was, quite literally, a patch job, and hence the name stuck.

As computing evolved, the idea transitioned from physical to digital. Today, patches in computer systems are small software updates designed to repair flaws without replacing the entire application or operating system. While the medium has changed, the purpose remains the same: to fix what’s broken with precision and minimal disruption.

This historical root reinforces the core goal of computer patching, whether you’re sealing a vulnerability, correcting a UI glitch, or improving performance, a patch delivers a fast, targeted solution.

What is the difference between software patches and OS patches?

Not all patches in computer systems are created equal. While the goal is to fix bugs, close vulnerabilities, and improve performance, the scope and impact of a patch can vary depending on whether it targets a specific software application or the operating system (OS) itself.

Let’s break it down: 

a. Software patches

A software patch in computer systems is often lightweight, focused, and limited to a particular tool or app. For instance, Microsoft might release a patch for Excel to resolve a formula parsing error, or Adobe might push a fix for Acrobat Reader crashing during PDF exports.

b. OS patches

Operating system patches, on the other hand, address deeper system-level functions including everything from boot processes and security protocols to networking components. Because OS patches interact with core services, they typically require more extensive testing and are often bundled as cumulative updates or security rollups.

To sum it up, a delayed software patch might cause a feature to break, but skipping an OS patch could leave an entire system vulnerable to malware or ransomware attacks.

Why is computer patching important?

A patch in computer systems may seem like a minor fix, but skipping it can lead to major consequences. Whether you’re an IT admin overseeing an enterprise network or a user managing a personal device, applying patches is non-negotiable for a secure and reliable experience.

These are 4 reasons why computer patching should be a regular part of your IT hygiene:

1. Strengthens device and data security

Most patches in computer environments are released to fix vulnerabilities that hackers actively exploit. For example, Microsoft’s December 2024 security update (KB5033375) patched a zero-day vulnerability affecting Windows Defender. Ignoring such updates leaves devices exposed to malware, ransomware, and data breaches.

2. Brings system stability

Beyond security, many patch examples target performance issues and functional bugs. A glitchy taskbar, a crashing browser, or missing system icons might all be symptoms of unresolved bugs. Timely patches smooth out these issues and make your system more predictable and usable.

3. Helps with compliance

For businesses operating in regulated sectors like finance, healthcare, or education, patching must be mandatory. Frameworks like SOC 2, HIPAA, and ISO/IEC 27001 explicitly require systems to be patched regularly to maintain compliance.

4. Improves overall performance

While not every patch boosts speed, some updates enhance efficiency by optimizing code, reducing memory consumption, or fixing processes that hog system resources. Be it a software patch that improves application startup time or an OS patch that reduces boot delays, these small tweaks contribute to a smoother digital experience.

What happens if you don’t patch?

Skipping a patch in computer systems might seem harmless until something breaks or gets breached. Whether it’s a single application or an entire OS, delaying updates creates an open door for risks that escalate quickly.

a. Common consequences

• Increased vulnerability to cyberattacks: Unpatched systems are low-hanging fruit for attackers. Known vulnerabilities (often publicly documented as CVEs) are routinely exploited in malware campaigns.
• Operational disruptions: System crashes, software freezes, or network downtime, issues that could have been prevented with timely computer patching.
• Non-compliance penalties: Many security frameworks mandate regular patching. Neglecting updates could mean audit failures, legal risks, or hefty fines.

b. For unpatched software

Applications like browsers, collaboration tools, or productivity suites, are often exposed to the internet. Failing to patch them can:

• Expose sensitive user data
• Causes compatibility issues with newer OS versions
• Lead to software malfunction or data loss

Patch example: In 2023, a vulnerability in Adobe Acrobat Reader allowed attackers to execute code remotely. A small patch fixed it. But for those who ignored it? A PDF was all it took to compromise their device.

c. For unpatched OS

The operating system is the foundation. When it goes unpatched:

• Security holes remain open system-wide
• Critical services may stop working correctly
• System resources are poorly managed, degrading performance over time

A recent patch example: Microsoft’s January 2024 update addressed a privilege escalation bug in Windows 11. Devices that skipped it remained vulnerable to attackers gaining admin access, without the user ever knowing.

Types of patches in the computer and when they’re used

When it comes to computer patching, patches aren’t one-size-fits-all. Each patch type serves a specific purpose and is deployed under certain conditions. Here are the common types:

1. Security patches: These are urgent updates designed to fix known vulnerabilities before they can be exploited. For instance, Microsoft’s December 2024 update (KB5033375) patched a critical flaw in Windows Defender that could allow unauthorized access. These patches are time-sensitive and must be applied as soon as a vulnerability is discovered to prevent security breaches.

2. Bug fix patches: Address software malfunctions that affect usability but aren’t security threats. A notable example is the March 2024 Windows 11 update, which resolved an issue where the Start menu failed to open with multiple apps running. These patches are deployed to ensure smoother performance and improve the user experience.

3. Feature updates: These introduce new capabilities or enhance existing ones to meet evolving user needs. For example, the Windows 11 2024 release added improved Snap layouts for better multitasking. These updates are typically planned and rolled out on a regular schedule to boost functionality.

4. Cumulative patches: Combine multiple fixes—security updates, bug fixes, and enhancements—into a single, streamlined update. Microsoft’s monthly Patch Tuesday releases are prime examples, bundling various updates to minimize disruption and simplify deployment across systems.

5. Hotfixes: These are immediate, targeted patches for critical issues that need urgent resolution. In October 2024, Microsoft released a hotfix for a Windows Defender vulnerability exploited to bypass malware protection. Hotfixes are deployed rapidly when an issue poses a serious operational or security risk.

6. Service packs: These are large bundles of previous updates, patches, and enhancements released periodically as a comprehensive upgrade. A classic example is Windows 7 Service Pack 1, which consolidated multiple fixes into one installable update. These are used when many changes have accumulated and a full-system update is needed.

How does a computer patch work?

Patching a computer system involves several steps to ensure that identified bugs, vulnerabilities, and performance issues are addressed without disrupting the user experience or overall system functionality.

1. Identification: The first step in the patching process is identifying the bug or vulnerability that needs to be fixed. This could come from user reports, automated diagnostic tools, or security audits.
2. Writing the patch: Once the issue is identified, developers write a piece of code (the patch) that addresses the problem. This patch could modify system files, update configurations, or add new features to eliminate the vulnerability or fix the bug.
3. Testing: After the patch is written, it undergoes testing to ensure it works correctly and doesn’t cause any unforeseen issues. Patches are usually tested in controlled environments before being deployed widely.
4. Digitally signing: To maintain security, patches are digitally signed by the vendor. This ensures that the patch comes from a trusted source and hasn’t been tampered with during distribution.
5. Distribution: Once signed, the patch is distributed via update channels. These could be manual updates (where the user initiates the process), automatic updates (where the system applies the patch without user interaction), or through centralized patch management systems (used by IT admins for large-scale patching).

Think of computer patching like changing a tire on a car. When a tire is flat, you don’t replace the entire car—you just change the tire. Similarly, patches don’t require a complete system upgrade; they fix specific issues without altering the entire system.

How patching works on different operating systems

Patching works differently across various operating systems (OS) due to the way each system handles updates and its inherent architecture. Here’s how patching typically works on five major operating systems:

Best practices for patch management

Effective patch management is essential for maintaining the security, stability, and performance of your systems. Below are policy-level, operational, and strategic best practices that IT teams should follow to ensure smooth and effective patching:

A. Policy-level best practices

These practices focus on establishing a structured approach to patch management across the organization.

1. Establish criticality tiers for patches: This allows you to prioritize patches based on their severity and impact on system functionality. Critical patches should be applied immediately, while less urgent updates can be scheduled later.

Example: Security patches that fix high-risk vulnerabilities should be prioritized over feature updates or minor bug fixes.

2. Create a patch management policy: A formal patch management policy sets clear guidelines for patch deployment, timelines, and roles and responsibilities. It ensures consistency and accountability across the organization.

Example: Define procedures for patch approvals, testing, deployment windows, and reporting.

3. Monitor and track patch compliance:  It’s important to track which devices have received patches to ensure full compliance and avoid vulnerabilities.

Example: Use a centralized system to generate reports showing which patches have been successfully applied and which devices remain unpatched.

B. Operational best practices

These practices focus on the day-to-day tasks involved in executing an effective patching process.

1. Test patches before production rollout: Testing patches in a controlled environment before applying them to production systems helps identify any potential issues, such as conflicts or bugs, that could affect system performance.

Example: Set up a testing group or sandbox environment where patches are initially deployed to check for system compatibility.

2. Schedule regular patching cycles: Regular patching ensures that updates are consistently applied and that vulnerabilities are addressed promptly.

Example: Implement a monthly or quarterly patching schedule based on the criticality of the patches and the complexity of your environment.

3. Maintain rollback plans: Not all patches are flawless. Having a rollback plan in place ensures that if a patch causes issues, you can quickly restore the system to its previous stable state without major disruptions.

Example: Always back up system data and configurations before applying patches, so you can restore systems if needed.

4. Automate patch deployment where possible: Automation saves time, reduces human error, and ensures patches are applied consistently across all devices.

Example: Leverage tools like Scalefusion UEM or other patch management systems that can automate patch deployment across all devices in your network

Strategic best practices

These long-term strategies will help integrate patch management into your broader IT and security ecosystem.

1. Integrate patch management into your endpoint management system: By integrating patch management with your endpoint management system, you can monitor and apply patches across your entire device fleet from a central console.

Example: Use Scalefusion UEM to view all patches in a single log, track patch deployment across devices, and automate the application of patches for both Windows and macOS systems.

2. Conduct regular patch audits: Regular audits ensure that your patch management processes are functioning effectively and that no critical updates are overlooked.

Example: Set up periodic audits to check for unpatched devices or systems that have missed important updates.

3. Establish a clear communication plan: Communication with stakeholders is key to avoiding disruptions. IT should inform relevant teams about the patching schedule and the expected impact. 

Example: Notify users about planned downtime or maintenance windows before deploying large patches, such as Service Packs.

Why investing in Scalefusion UEM makes computer patching easy

Managing patches across multiple devices can be time-consuming and complex, especially when dealing with large-scale environments. Scalefusion UEM simplifies the patching process by offering several practical advantages that reduce manual work and ensure updates are applied consistently:

1. Eliminates patch drift with automated patch application

Scalefusion UEM helps automate the patching process, ensuring that updates are applied consistently across all devices. IT admins can schedule and defer patches to avoid operational disruptions and push updates to multiple devices (even hundreds or thousands) simultaneously. This eliminates the risk of patch drift, where certain devices fall behind on important updates.

2. Centralized patch visibility

With Scalefusion, IT admins can view all available patches in a single, centralized log. This makes it easy to track which patches have been applied, which are pending, and which devices remain unpatched. Having a single source of truth reduces confusion and ensures better compliance across the network.

3. Patch status monitoring

IT admins can quickly check if an available patch has been successfully applied to devices. If a patch has been missed or failed to install properly, administrators can take swift corrective action, ensuring no device is left vulnerable.

4. Comprehensive OS support

Scalefusion supports patch management for both Windows and macOS devices, making it a versatile solution for mixed environments. This ensures that whether you’re managing desktop computers, laptops, or mobile devices, your patching process remains unified and streamlined.

5. Ease of use vs. Manual tools

Unlike traditional manual patching tools that can be cumbersome and error-prone, Scalefusion provides a user-friendly interface that allows IT teams to manage patches with ease. With automated deployment, easy scheduling, and simplified monitoring, Scalefusion removes the friction often associated with patching, enabling IT admins to focus on other critical tasks.

Get complete patch and endpoint management and security with Scalefusion

Patch management is a critical aspect of maintaining system security, stability, and compliance. Scalefusion UEM not only simplifies the patching process but also offers a comprehensive solution for endpoint management. 

With capabilities like zero-trust security, VPN tunneling, web content filtering, and I/O device control, Scalefusion ensures your devices remain secure and well-managed. It provides IT teams with an efficient and streamlined way to handle patches while enhancing overall device security and compliance across all endpoints.